Finance, Markets & Economic Change
Read financial claims by asking what is measured, over which period and against which comparison. Sales are not profit, accounting resources are not all immediately spendable cash, and slower inflation does not necessarily mean falling prices. Use market descriptions without adding predictions they do not support.
Money coming in and resources available
income generated by sales or other business activity before the relevant costs are deducted
Common use: sales revenue; generate / report revenue
Ticket revenue rose, but higher venue costs absorbed most of the increase.
profit expressed as a proportion of revenue; specify gross or net when needed
Common use: a narrow / healthy profit margin; improve margins
The repair service accepted fewer jobs but improved its net profit margin by reducing costly rework.
ongoing operating costs not directly attributable to a particular product or job
Common use: cover / reduce overheads; administrative overheads
Administrative overheads were shared across projects rather than charged to a single order.
the movement of money into and out of an organisation over time
Common use: positive / negative cash flow; manage cash flow
The touring company’s cash flow improved when venues began paying deposits earlier.
availability of readily usable funds; also the ease of converting an asset into cash without a large loss
Common use: maintain liquidity; a liquidity shortage; a liquid asset
The finance team maintained liquidity by keeping part of its reserves readily accessible.
current assets minus current liabilities, used as a measure of short-term operating resources
Common use: working capital requirements; tie up working capital
Large stocks of unsold fabric tied up the workshop’s working capital.
- Revenue precedes the deduction of costs. Profit margin relates a specified profit measure to revenue; a higher sales figure need not produce a higher margin.
- Overheads support ongoing operations and are not simply every expense. Cash flow concerns money movements; recorded sales can precede customer payment.
- Liquidity concerns readily available funds or ease of conversion. Working capital can include inventory and receivables, so a positive figure does not establish that enough cash is available today.
Investment and recovering costs
spending on acquiring or improving assets intended to provide benefits beyond the current period
Common use: planned capital expenditure; capital expenditure on equipment
Buying a new printing press accounted for most of that year’s capital expenditure.
net return considered relative to the amount invested, often expressed as a percentage
Common use: calculate / compare return on investment
The projected return on investment depended heavily on assumptions about maintenance costs.
reach a point where relevant income covers relevant costs, producing neither a profit nor a loss
Common use: break even on a project; a break-even point
The exhibition broke even only after the final weekend’s ticket sales.
get back money spent or lost, typically through later receipts
Common use: recoup costs / an investment / losses
The organiser recouped part of the deposit when another tenant took over the booking.
record a debt or asset value as lost or unrecoverable; also dismiss something as not worth pursuing
Common use: write off a bad debt / an investment; write something off
The company wrote off the value of the destroyed stock in its accounts.
sell or dispose of an investment or business interest; relatively formal
Common use: divest assets; divest itself of a business; divest from a sector
The group divested its hotel interests to concentrate on its transport business.
- Capital expenditure concerns lasting assets; overheads concerns ongoing operating support. The distinction depends on the nature of the spending, not merely its size.
- Recoup foregrounds recovering an outlay. Break even foregrounds income covering the costs included in the calculation; the period and scope of those costs matter.
- Write off records lost value or dismisses a prospect. Divest disposes of an interest, which may still have substantial value. Neither expression is simply a synonym for earning a poor return.
Economic movement and real value
a period of declining activity or conditions in a market or economy
Common use: an economic downturn; a downturn in demand
The seaside businesses prepared for a downturn after the main conference venue closed.
a significant, sustained decline in economic activity across an economy
Common use: enter / emerge from recession; a prolonged recession
The newspaper distinguished a struggling industry from evidence of a broader recession.
improvement after a decline, without necessarily returning fully to the previous level
Common use: a gradual / uneven recovery; signs of recovery
The recovery in visitor numbers remained incomplete, especially outside the capital.
a reduction in the size or level of activity
Common use: a contraction in output / employment / demand
The contraction in manufacturing was partly balanced by growth in services.
a rise in the general price level over time, rather than merely a high price or one product’s increase
Common use: annual inflation; rising / falling inflation
The analyst compared household spending patterns when choosing an appropriate inflation measure.
the amount of goods or services a sum of money or income can buy
Common use: maintain / erode purchasing power; purchasing power of wages
Her nominal pension stayed the same while its purchasing power declined.
- A downturn can concern one market. Recession concerns a broader sustained economic decline; one poor month in one industry is not enough to establish it.
- Contraction names a fall in the measured activity. Recovery names improvement after decline and need not mean a return to the former peak.
- Inflation is a change in the general price level. Purchasing power concerns what money buys; a pay rise smaller than the relevant price increase can leave real buying capacity lower.
Market conditions and demand
strong, active or optimistic, especially of demand or a market
Common use: buoyant demand / sales / confidence
Investor confidence was buoyant, although the survey recorded considerable disagreement about future profits.
slow-moving or weak in activity, often below what is wanted
Common use: sluggish demand / growth / sales
Sluggish growth prompted the board to revise its expansion timetable.
so fully supplied or served that attracting additional demand becomes difficult
Common use: a saturated market; market saturation
In a saturated market, the new gym had to attract members from existing clubs.
likely to change buying decisions in response to price differences or changes
Common use: price-sensitive customers / demand
Price-sensitive buyers switched brands when the discount ended.
the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to a price change, measured proportionately
Common use: price elasticity of demand; high / low price elasticity
The analyst estimated the price elasticity of demand instead of assuming a price cut would raise revenue.
a seller’s proportion of total sales in a defined market, measured by value or volume
Common use: gain / lose market share; market share by value
The merger gave the combined business a larger market share than either partner had held separately.
- Buoyant conveys strength; sluggish conveys weak pace. Neither by itself supplies a precise growth rate or guarantees what happens next.
- Saturated concerns the limits of an already well-served market. Price-sensitive concerns buyers’ responses; a market can be saturated without every buyer choosing the cheapest offer.
- Price elasticity measures a response relative to a price change. Market share measures a seller’s part of a specified total; its meaning depends on the market boundary and whether value or volume is used.
C1 idiomatic and figurative language with attention to meaning, register and natural context.
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence below.
C1 idiomatic and figurative language with attention to meaning, register and natural context.
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